Africa, known for its vast deserts, lush forests, and long coastlines, is also home to several countries that have no direct access to the sea. These are known as landlocked countries. Being landlocked presents both challenges and opportunities, particularly in trade, transport, and development.
Here is a closer look at Africa’s landlocked countries and what makes them unique.
1. Number and Location
There are sixteen landlocked countries in Africa. They include:
Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Most of these countries are located in central and southern Africa. Their geographical positions mean that they rely heavily on neighbouring coastal nations for access to international markets.
2. Economic Challenges
Without seaports, landlocked countries often face higher transportation costs when exporting or importing goods. For example, goods from Zambia or Uganda must pass through Tanzania or Kenya to reach the ports. This dependence increases logistics expenses and can slow down trade.
Additionally, poor road and rail infrastructure between these nations and their coastal neighbours can worsen the problem, making goods more expensive and less competitive in global markets.
3. Regional Cooperation
To overcome these difficulties, many landlocked African countries have joined regional trade and transport agreements. For instance, countries like Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi benefit from the East African Community (EAC), which facilitates smoother movement of goods through ports in Kenya and Tanzania.
Southern African countries such as Botswana and Zambia rely on partnerships within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to enhance cross-border connectivity and trade efficiency.
4. Strategic Opportunities
While being landlocked may seem like a disadvantage, these countries also have strategic opportunities. Some, such as Ethiopia and Rwanda, have turned their focus inward to develop air transport hubs, tourism, and digital economies.
For instance, Ethiopia’s national airline has become one of the most successful carriers on the continent, while Rwanda is positioning itself as a regional centre for innovation and business.
5. The Way Forward
Improving infrastructure remains a top priority for landlocked African nations. Investments in road networks, railways, and energy access can greatly boost trade and connectivity. Strengthening regional partnerships and adopting technology-driven solutions will also help bridge the transport gap caused by geography.