Cold climates shape everything from daily routines to housing design and lifestyle choices. While many people enjoy chilly weather for short holidays, living in extremely cold countries requires real adaptation. Below are some of the coldest countries in the world and what makes their temperatures so severe.
Russia
Russia is well known for its harsh winters, especially in Siberia. Some towns record temperatures that drop far below freezing for long stretches. Places such as Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are often referred to as among the coldest inhabited places on Earth. Winter can last for months, and the landscape stays covered in snow for most of the year. People who live in these regions rely on thick clothing, specialised heating systems and warm shelters to cope.
Canada
Canada has breathtaking landscapes, but it is also one of the coldest countries in the world. Northern Canada experiences long, dark winters with temperatures that can fall extremely low. Provinces such as Nunavut and the Northwest Territories endure freezing conditions that can last half the year. Even in major cities like Winnipeg or Montreal, winter is intense and requires preparation. Canadians often embrace the season with winter festivals, snow sports and strong community support systems.
Greenland
Greenland is covered mostly by ice, which makes it incredibly cold throughout the year. It has short summers that still feel chilly compared to other parts of the world. Many communities are small and remote, and they depend heavily on traditional practices such as hunting and fishing. The cold climate shapes daily life so much that transportation often involves snowmobiles or dog sledges.
Mongolia
Mongolia experiences long winters with temperatures that drop sharply, especially in the countryside. The capital city, Ulaanbaatar, is one of the coldest capital cities in the world. Mongolians have adapted through centuries of nomadic living, using thick felt tents and layers of warm clothing to survive harsh conditions. The cold season is dry but relentless, with icy winds that sweep across the steppes.
Finland
Finland is known for its picturesque winter scenery, but the temperatures can be brutally cold, particularly in the northern region known as Lapland. Winter lasts many months, and daylight is scarce. Despite the cold, Finland has some of the best heating systems and winter infrastructure in the world. Saunas, thermal clothing and well-insulated homes help residents stay comfortable even during the toughest weather.
Norway
Norway, especially its northern areas, sees long and frosty winters. Towns above the Arctic Circle experience polar nights, where the sun does not rise for weeks. The cold can be biting, yet Norwegians have adapted with high-quality winter gear, sturdy homes and a cultural appreciation for spending time outdoors, even in low temperatures.
Iceland
Iceland may sound as though it is covered in ice, but its winter climate is milder than some people expect, thanks to geothermal activity and ocean currents. However, it still ranks among the coldest countries due to strong winds and long winters. Icelanders make use of geothermal heating, warm pools and modern insulation to stay warm.